tugas 11 tipe-tipe

Tugas 11

klasifikasi if clausa

 

If clause digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah kondisi atas kejadian atau keberadaan sesuatu.

Contoh  : if you mix sugar with water, it will dissolve

Here the sugar will dissolve on the condition that you mix it with water

Ada tiga tipe if clause :

Type 1 mengenai kejadian nyata

Dalam kejadian 1, if clause dalam bentuk present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future atau imperative

Contoh :

If you go to the drug store, buy me a soft drink (present ;imperative)

If mary calls, I’ll invite her to the concern (present ; future)

If mary should call, I’ll invite her to the concern (modal ; future)

Type 2

Type 2 is concerned with hypothetical or unreal situation int the present (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini)

Cont: if I had the money, I would buy a motorcycle

Type 3

Type 3 is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past

Cont : if  I had known you were sick, I would have made you some soup

2.   ada berapa tipe wish :

 Type 1. mengenai kejadian nyata

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

 Type 2

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

 Type 3

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past

3.    Jelaskan fungsi dari masing-masing tipe :

 Type 1.

Dalam tipe 1, if clause dalam present tense, sedangkan main clause biasanya dalam bentuk present, future, atau imperative.

Type 2

Type 2 .is concerned with hypothetical  or unreal situations in the present. (berkaitan dengan khayalan atau situasi yang tidak nyata saat ini.)

Type 3

Type 3 .is concerned with hypothetical discussion about the past.

Berikan 10 contoh kalimat pengandaian beserta faktanya :

Ø I wish I knew how to dance ( I don’t know how to dance )

Ø I wish I had a bicycle ( I don’t have a bicycle )

Ø I wish I were home in bed ( I’m not home in bed )

Ø I wish it weren’t cold today ( It’s cold today )

Ø We wish we were in Bali ( We aren’t in Bali )

Ø I wish I had a car ( I don’t have a car )

Ø I wish I had a tape recorder ( I don’t have a tape recorder )

Ø I wish I had studied for the test ( I didn’t study for the test )

Ø John wishes he had finished his work ( John didn’t finish his work )

Ø I wish I hadn’t gone to the meeting ( I went to meeting )

http://jayasaputratuankotta.blogspot.com/2012/04/tugas-11.html

tugas10 conditional sentences

Definisi Conditional Sentences

Conditional (Kalimat Pengandaian) menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, kadang-kadang disebut juga if-clauses.
Beberapa Tipe Conditional Sentences…
1)Zero Conditional
Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum. Tense yang digunakan biasanya Present Simple Tense
contoh : (1) If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
2) Real Conditional (sering juga disebut juga dengan Conditional Tipe I) yang menggambarkan tentang mengandai-andai sesuai dengan fakta masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang dan pengandaian ini bisa saja terjadi. Klausa “if” biasanya dalam bentuk Present Simple Tense.
contoh : (2) If I see you tomorrow, I will buy you a drink
3) Unreal Conditional (sering juga disebut sebagai Conditional Tipe II) yang menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang tidak nyata di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang. Tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah harapan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam klausa IF adalah Past Simple Tense.
contoh : (3) If I won the lottery, I would buy a new house.
4) Ada juga Conditional yang ke-3 yang sering disebut dengan Conditional Tipe III, digunakan sebagai penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau dan zero conditional. Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah kondisi di masa yang lampau yang tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi. Sering digunakan untuk mengkritik atau penyesalan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam Klausa IF adalah Past Perfect Tense.
contoh : (4) If I had worked harder,I would have passed my exam
Catatan: Jika klausa “if” diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan “koma”. Sebaliknya jika klausa “if” berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma
contoh lain :
(5) If I hadn’t helped you, you would have failed
(6) If it had been sunny, we could have gone out.
(7) I would buy a new car, if I won the competition
(8) I won’t mark your homework, unless you hand it in.
(9) Unless you hand in your homework, I won’t mark it.
(10) Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees Celsius,
source : http://ismailmidi.com/berita-140-conditional-sentences.html
http://mangantar.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/definisi-conditional-sentences/

tugas 09 kalimat passive

kalimat passive berbentuk negatif :
the rice will be planted by the farmer next month
a new house will be built by my father next year
the news paper has been read by me just now
the radio will have been listened by Ani tomorrow
Ali is being waiting by us now
a cup of coffe is being drunk by us now
the flower is being watered by her now
Algebra would be borrowed by him last month
her aunt would be visited by her yesterday
Enny is given Mandy a dictionary

kalimat pasif berbentuk kalimat tanya :
would biology be learnt by Arry last year?
will a new house be built by my father next year?
has the newspaper been read by me just now?
has Ekky been visited by Susanto in Solo just now?
has the car been driven by her just now?
have the flowers been watered by Ani just now?
had the dog been bitten by Rina last night?
had Andini novel been bought by her last month?
will the radio have been listened by Ani yesterday?
would dictionary be bought by us last week?
http://wartawarga.gunadarma.ac.id/2012/04/tugas-09/

tugas 8 contoh kalimat intransitive verb

10 contoh kalimat yang mengandung gerunds

• contoh kalimat dari nomor 1 : swimming makes us to be health.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 2 : I want finishing my study at home.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 3 : he feels happy for coming his girlfriend.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 4 : the planning will be continued next month.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 5 : those playings attack to jury.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 6 : their crying make me to remember the last time.
• contoh  kalimat dari nomor 7 : we enjoy eating in the cafe.
• contoh kalimat dari nomor 8 : he is busy don’t be asked about it.

http://aniskhoirunissa.blogspot.com/2012/04/10-contoh-kalimat-yang-mengandung.html

tugas 8 kategori kata kerja intransitive

Kategori kata kerja intransitive verb

1) Kata kerja intransitif yang mana saja, yang membuat pengertian lengkap dengan sendirinya, dan tidak memerlukan kata atau kata-kata apa saja untuk ditambahkan padanya untuk maksud ini, disebut intransitive verbs of complete predication.
Contoh:
Cows walk,
horses run, dsb.

2) Intransitive verb with complement (kata kerja intransitif dengan komplemen)
Kata-kata kerja intransitif yang tidak membuat pengertian yang lengkap dengan sendirinya, tetapi memerlukan komplemen, disebut intransitive verbs of incomplete predication.
Komplemen untuk kata kerja intransitif dalam bentuk yang sama jenisnya seperti komplemen untuk kata kerja transitif.

3) The cognate object (objek yang sama asalnya, sifatnya atau artinya)

Kata kerja intransitif kadang-kadang boleh diikuti oleh kata benda yang sedikit banyak telah dinyatakan secara tidak langsung dalam kata kerja itu sendiri.
Jadi kita boleh mengatakan “He has lived a happy life” (ia hidup bahagia). Kata benda “life” (kehidupan) telah dinyatakan secara tidak langsung dalam kata kerja “lived” (hidup), dan sebenarnya merupakan bagian dari artinya.
Objek yang demikian disebut cognate object, karena kata benda yang menunjuk padanya merupakan arti yang sama terhadap kata kerja itu sendiri.

http://aniskhoirunissa.blogspot.com/2012/04/kategori-kata-kerja-intransitive.html

definisi intransitive verb

Intransitive verb

Intransitive verb adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan objek atau pelengkap, Dalam suatu kalimat, intransitive verbs bisa menjadi akhir kalimat tersebut. Jika tidak, adverbia atau frase preposisi akan menjadi akhir kalimat yang berfungsi menerangkan intransitive verbs.

http://www.englishgrammar-exercises.com/Verbs_intransitive1.php

tugas 7 contoh kalimat transitive verb

Contoh kalimat intransitive verb

1) The baby is crying. (present Countingius tense)
2) Water boils at 100 degree celcius.
3) She sits alone.
4) They will sleep in my hotel.
5) We are walking in the garden. (present Countingius tense)
6) Tom fell. (past tense)
7) They ran down the road. (past tense)
8) She sits alone.
9) They will sleep in my hotel. (simple future tense)
10) They accused me of telling lies


http://ismailmidi.com/berita-271-transitive-and-intransitive-verbs.html

tugas 7 kategori kata kerja transitive verb

Kategori kata kerja transitiv verb
 

1. Walaupun beberapa verbs adalah transitive verbs (memerlukan object) dan beberapa verbs yang lain intransitive verbs (tidak memerlukan object), namun kebanyakan verbs dalam bahasa inggris dapat menjadi transitive maupun intransitive. Contohnya :
- He drops his bottles (transitive)
The rain drops from the sky (intransitive)
- They grow rubber trees (transitive)
Rice grows in the fertile soils (intransitive)

2. Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai object noun yang searti dengan verbnya sendiri. Ini disebut cognate object . contohnya :
- He laughs loudly
- He slept soundly
- He died a miserable death

3. Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun ssudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempurna sebelum dengann ditambah dengan kata-kata lain yang dinamakan compplemennya. Kata-kata yang memerlukan komplemen adalah :
Make bring
Name give
Call appoint
Find seen
Declare hear
Suppose
Cconside

tugas 7 transitive verb

definisi transitive verb ( Tugas 7 )

DEFINISI VERB
Verbs adalah kata kerja yang menunjukan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga menunjukan keadaan. Contoh :
• Amir comes from Jakarta
• My brother studies in japan
• She is beautiful
Dalam bahasa inggris ada bermacam-macam verb (kata kerja), namun dalam bagian ini hanya akan membahas beberapa macam kata kerja yang pokok saja.

II. MACAM-MACAM KATA KERJA
• Finite verb (ordinary verb) adalah kata kerja biasa yakni yang ditandai dengan ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :
a. Bila dipakai dalam kalimat Tanya dan negative perlu memakai kata kerja bantu do, does, atau did.
b. Bentuknya dapat berubah-ubah oleh tenses
c. Memiliki bentuk-bentuk : invinitive, present partticple, gerund, past tense, present tense, past participle.

Contoh : she works hard (infinitive)
She is working (present participle)
She worked hard (past tense)
She has gone to bali (past participle)
• Auxiliary verbs (kata kerja bantu) adalah kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan, atau khususnya mempunyai fungsi grammatical.
• Linking verbs adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complementnya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement. Linking verbs yang umum adalah :

Be (am,is,are,was,etc) look stay
Appear remain taste
Become seem smell
Feel sound
grow

contoh :
• She looks serious
• The author is our guest
• Transitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat. Contohnya :
- He struck the board
- A dog bites the man
- You push the door
• Intransitive verbs adalah kata kerja yang tiidak memerlukan object, karena sudah dapat menunjukan arti yang sempurna. Contoh :
- The sun shines
- The cat slept
- The water boils

Notes :
1. Walaupun beberapa verbs adalah transitive verbs (memerlukan object) dan beberapa verbs yang lain intransitive verbs (tidak memerlukan object), namun kebanyakan verbs dalam bahasa inggris dapat menjadi transitive maupun intransitive. Contohnya :
- He drops his bottles (transitive)
The rain drops from the sky (intransitive)
- They grow rubber trees (transitive)
Rice grows in the fertile soils (intransitive)

2. Ada beberapa verb intransitive yang memakai object noun yang searti dengan verbnya sendiri. Ini disebut cognate object . contohnya :
- He laughs loudly
- He slept soundly
- He died a miserable death
3. Ada beberapa verb transitive dan intransitive walaupun ssudah mempunyai object tetapi artinya belum sempurna sebelum dengann ditambah dengan kata-kata lain yang dinamakan compplemennya. Kata-kata yang memerlukan komplemen adalah :
Make bring
Name give
Call appoint
Find seen
Declare hear
Suppose
Cconside

Contohnya :
- I make you happy
- I make him laugh
- She makes me understand nglish
4. Banyak verb yang memiliki pola (struktur)

Verb + preposition + object
Verbs + preposition + verb-ing

Contoh :
We talk about the problem
if the object is another verb, it ends in ing
beberapa verbs yang mempunyai struktur :

verb + preposition + verb-ing

contohnya : succeed of/ think about/ dream of/ approve of/ look forward/ insist on/ decide against. Dst
- Budi succeed in finding a good job
- Are you thinking of/about buying a house
5. Beberapa verbs tertentu mempunyai pola (struktur)

Verb + object + preposition + verb-ing

Contonhya :
1. They accused me of telling lies
2. Do you suspect the man of being a spay
3. I congratulated rina on passing the exam
4. I thanked her for being so helful
6. regular and irregular verbs
Regular verb adalah kata kerja berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense dan perubahan kata kerja itu secara teratur.
Irregular verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb tetapi perubahan kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.
Ccontohnya :
Go - went – gone
See – saw –seen
Get – got - gotten

Sumber: http://id.shvoong.com/writing-and-speaking/2154544-definisi-verb/

http://tresnahadi.blogspot.com/2011/11/definisi-transitive-verb-tugas-7.html

tugas 6 passive voice

Definisi Passive Voice

-Pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat, walaupun Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, namun passive voice sering kita temukan surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya. Passive voice dalam rumusnya mempunyai Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object + modifier
-Contoh dan Cara Mengubah Active Voice ke Passvie voice
a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
Active : He meets them everyday.
Passive : They are met by him everyday.
Active : She waters this plant every two days.
Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
Active : He met them yesterday
Passive : They were met by him yesterday
Active : She watered this plant this morning
Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
Active : He has met them
Passive : They have been met by him
Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had been
Contoh:
Active : He had met them before I came.
Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
f. Jika active voice dalam future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will have been’
Contoh:
Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would have been’.
Contoh:
Active : He would have met them.
Passive : They would have been met by him.
Active : She would have watered this plant.
Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atau are) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He is meeting them now.
Passive : They are being met by him now.
Active : She is watering this plant now.
Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were) + being.
Contoh:
Active : He was meeting them.
Passive : They were being met by him.
Active : She was watering this plant.
Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He has been meeting them.
Passive : They have been being met by him.
Active : She has been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He had been meeting them.
Passive : They had been being met by him.
Active : She had been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will be meeting them.
Passive : They will be being met by him.
Active : She will be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He will have been meeting them.
Passive : They will have been being met by him.
Active : She will have been watering this plant.
Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would have been + being.
Contoh:
Active : He would be meeting them.
Passive : They would be being met by him.
Active : She would be watering this plant.
Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Sumber : http://swarabhaskara.com/miscellaneous/active-and-passive-voice/
http://mangantar.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/definisi-passive-voice/

10 contoh kalimat gerund

Tugas 05

 10 contoh kalimat yang mengandung gerunds:

I like swimming

I will never quit smoking.

We postponed making any decision.

After two years of analyzing, we finally made a decision.

We heard whispering.

They denied having avoided me.

He talked me into coming to the party.

They frightened her out of voicing her opinion.

I can't help falling in love with you.

I can't stand not seeing you.

Sumber:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerund

deskripsi ciri-ciri gerund

Tugas 04

Deskripsi Ciri-Ciri dari Gerund:

Dalam kalimat, gerund berfungsi sebagai:
a. subjek (subject)
b. pelengkap subjek (subjective complement)
c. objek langsung (direct object)
d. objek preposisi (object of preposition)
e. aposisi (appositive)


Subject
Gerund sebagai subjek pokok kalimat, contoh:
- Swimming is good service.
- Your singing is very beautiful.
- Studying needs time and patience.
- Playing tennis is fun.
- Reading English is easier than speaking it.

Subjective Complement
Gerund sebagai pelengkap subjek dalam kalimat biasanya selalu didahului to be yang terletak di antara subject dan subjective complement, contoh:
- My favorite sport is running.
- My favorite activity is reading.

Direct Object
Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh:
- I enjoy dancing.
- She likes dancing.
- Thank you for your coming.
- I hate arguing.

Object of Preposition
Gerund sebagai objek preposisi yang terletak setelah preposisi. Preposisi yang sering dipakai adalah of, on, no, with, without, at for, after, before, because of, to, like, about, for, by, in.
Contoh:
- He is tired of gambling.
- I am fond of eating bakso.
- He insisted on seeing her.
- I have no objection to hearing your story.
- You will not be clever without studying.
- They are good at telling funny stories.
- In sleeping I met you in the park.

Appositive
Gerund sebagai aposisi atau penegas dalam kalimat, contoh:
- My hobby, fishing, is interesting.
- I do not like quarrelling, a useless job.
My hobby is fishing dan fishing is interesting diletakkan bersebelahan dalam sebuah kalimat sebagai appositive (fishing adalah aposisi dari my hobby), begitu juga contoh kalimat dibawahnya.

Sumber:

http://catatanbahasainggris.blogspot.com/2009/04/gerunds.html

http://eraserpurbaeraser.blogspot.com/

Pengertian gerund

Pengertian gerund

Pengertian Gerund

Gerund adalah bentuk kata kerja -ing  ketika digunakan sebagai kata benda .

a) sebagai sejenis kata benda.

                                                b) sebagai bagian kata kerja.

a) sebagai sejenis kata benda.

• Gerund sebagai subjek

Learning foreign languages is hard work

Swimming is hobby

• Gerund sebagai objek

Some people don’t like flying

He enjoys reading novel

I finish writing letter

• Gerund sebagai propositional phrase

He is good at singing

Ths land is good for farming

• Gerund sebagai complement

My father’s favourite sport is playing football

Her hobby is telling story

• Gerund sebagai noun modifier

The waiting room is very large

The reading books are on the table

• Gerund sebagai larangan

No smoking,

No parking,

No swimming.

b) sebagai bagian kata kerja.

Karena Gerund adalah bagian kata kerja, ia dapat menggunakan objek di belakangnya. Misalnya :

e) Objek langsung (dengan transitif) :

• · He is clever at teaching mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika.

f) Objek Tak Langsung (dengan transitif)

• · He is clever at teaching us mathematics = Ia pandai dalam mengajarkan matematika kepada kami.

g) Objek yang tetap dipertahankan dalam kalimat pasif (Retained object)

• · She is pleased at being taught mathematics = Ia senang sekali terhadap matematika yang diajarkan kepadanya.

h) Objek yang artinya mirip dengan kata kerja itu sendiri = cognate object (dengan intransitif)

• · She is proud of having sung a fine song = Ia bangga akan nyanyian merdu yang telah ia nyanyikan.

i) Objek refleksif (dengan intransitif)

• · She is in the habit of oversleeping herself = Kebiasaannya sendiri bangun kesiangan (tidur terlalu lama)     
  http://ukonhafid.wordpress.com/2011/11/03/pengertian-gerund-and-infinitive/
   

soal-soal

Soal-soal !

1.The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties, filling in forms and keeping statistics are...
a   clerks       b   accountants       c   supervisors
2.The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives, usually known as ………..
a   vendors       b   renters       c   reps
3.The employees who decide what to purchase, and who make the purchases of  finished goods or components to be  made into goods, are the ………..
a   choosers       b   procurers       c   buyers
4. The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the
a   packers       b   quality controllers       c   financial staff
5. The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters, memos or othe documents, are ...........
a   secretaries       b   editors       c   copywriters
6. The employees who check a company's financial affairs are the ............
a   statisticians       b   accountants       c   counters
7.The employees who are responsible for preparing checks, pay packets and pay slips are the ............
a   wages clerks       b   filing clerks       c   paying clerks
8. The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer …….
a   hackers       b   operators       c   screeners
9.The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the ..........
a   manager       b   president       c   receptionist
10.  The employees who deal with a company's telephone calls are the
a   VDU operators       b   telex operators c   switchboard operators
11.The Board of ......is responsible for deciding on and controlling the strategy of a corporation or company.
a   Workers       b   Directors       c   Control
12. Small businesses depend on investors providing ………capital.
a   venture       b   individual       c   cooperative
13. Investors are influenced by the projected ………. on their capital.
a   market       b   return       c   rate
14. The capital needed to run a business is provided by ...........
a   gain       b   risk       c   investment
15. Rent and rates, which do not change as turnover volume changes, make up the .......costs of a company.
a   fixed       b   contribution       c   variable

the answer is :
1. a
2.c
3.c
4.b
5.a
6.b
7.a
8.b
9.c
10.c
11.b
12.b
13.a
14.c
15.a